### debecho (debug-echo), by Stefano Falsetto ###
### Will echo passed parameters only if DEBUG is set to a value. ###
debecho () {
if [ ! -z "$DEBUG" ]; then
echo "$1" >&2
# ^^^ to stderr
fi
}
DEBUG=on
Whatever=whatnot
debecho $Whatever # whatnot
DEBUG=
Whatever=notwhat
debecho $Whatever # (Will not echo.)
使用过滤器tee来检查临界点上的进程或数据流.
设置选项-n -v -x
sh -n scriptname不会运行脚本, 只会检查脚本的语法错误. 这等价于把set -n或set -o noexec插入脚本中. 注意, 某些类型的语法错误不会被这种方式检查出来.
sh -v scriptname将会在运行脚本之前, 打印出每一个命令. 这等价于把set -v或set -o verbose插入到脚本中.
选项-n和-v可以同时使用. sh -nv scriptname将会给出详细的语法检查.
sh -x scriptname会打印出每个命令执行的结果, 但只使用缩写形式. 这等价于在脚本中插入set -x或set -o xtrace.
set -u # Or set -o nounset
# Setting a variable to null will not trigger the error/abort.
# unset_var=
echo $unset_var # Unset (and undeclared) variable.
echo "Should not echo!"
#sh t2.sh
#t2.sh: line 6: unset_var: unbound variable
使用“断言”功能在脚本的关键点进行测试的变量或条件。 （这是从C借来的一个想法）
Example 32-4. Testing a condition with an assert
#!/bin/bash
# assert.sh
#######################################################################
assert () # If condition false,
{ #+ exit from script
#+ with appropriate error message.
E_PARAM_ERR=98
E_ASSERT_FAILED=99
if [ -z "$2" ] # Not enough parameters passed
then #+ to assert() function.
return $E_PARAM_ERR # No damage done.
fi
lineno=$2
if [ ! $1 ]
then
echo "Assertion failed: \"$1\""
echo "File \"$0\", line $lineno" # Give name of file and line number.
exit $E_ASSERT_FAILED
# else
# return
# and continue executing the script.
fi
} # Insert a similar assert() function into a script you need to debug.
#######################################################################
a=5
b=4
condition="$a -lt $b" # Error message and exit from script.
# Try setting "condition" to something else
#+ and see what happens.
assert "$condition" $LINENO
# The remainder of the script executes only if the "assert" does not fail.
# Some commands.
# Some more commands . . .
echo "This statement echoes only if the \"assert\" does not fail."
# . . .
# More commands . . .
exit $?
使用变量$LINENO和内建命令caller.
捕获exit返回值.
The exit command in a script triggers a signal 0, terminating the process, that is, the script itself. [1] It is often useful to trap the exit, forcing a "printout" of variables, for example. The trap must be the first command in the script.
捕获信号
trap Specifies an action on receipt of a signal; also useful for debugging.
A signal is a message sent to a process, either by the kernel or another process, telling it to take some specified action (usually to terminate). For example, hitting a Control-C sends a user interrupt, an INT signal, to a running program.
A simple instance:
trap '' 2
# Ignore interrupt 2 (Control-C), with no action specified.
trap 'echo "Control-C disabled."' 2
# Message when Control-C pressed.
Example 32-5. Trapping at exit
#!/bin/bash
# Hunting variables with a trap.
trap 'echo Variable Listing --- a = $a b = $b' EXIT
# EXIT is the name of the signal generated upon exit from a script.
#
# The command specified by the "trap" doesn't execute until
#+ the appropriate signal is sent.
echo "This prints before the \"trap\" --"
echo "even though the script sees the \"trap\" first."
echo
a=39
b=36
exit 0
# Note that commenting out the 'exit' command makes no difference,
#+ since the script exits in any case after running out of commands.
Example 32-6. Cleaning up after Control-C
#!/bin/bash
# logon.sh: A quick 'n dirty script to check whether you are on-line yet.
umask 177 # Make sure temp files are not world readable.
TRUE=1
LOGFILE=/var/log/messages
# Note that $LOGFILE must be readable
#+ (as root, chmod 644 /var/log/messages).
TEMPFILE=temp.$$
# Create a "unique" temp file name, using process id of the script.
# Using 'mktemp' is an alternative.
# For example:
# TEMPFILE=`mktemp temp.XXXXXX`
KEYWORD=address
# At logon, the line "remote IP address xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx"
# appended to /var/log/messages.
ONLINE=22
USER_INTERRUPT=13
CHECK_LINES=100
# How many lines in log file to check.
trap 'rm -f $TEMPFILE; exit $USER_INTERRUPT' TERM INT
# Cleans up the temp file if script interrupted by control-c.
echo
while [ $TRUE ] #Endless loop.
do
tail -n $CHECK_LINES $LOGFILE> $TEMPFILE
# Saves last 100 lines of system log file as temp file.
# Necessary, since newer kernels generate many log messages at log on.
search=`grep $KEYWORD $TEMPFILE`
# Checks for presence of the "IP address" phrase,
#+ indicating a successful logon.
if [ ! -z "$search" ] # Quotes necessary because of possible spaces.
then
echo "On-line"
rm -f $TEMPFILE # Clean up temp file.
exit $ONLINE
else
echo -n "." # The -n option to echo suppresses newline,
#+ so you get continuous rows of dots.
fi
sleep 1
done
# Note: if you change the KEYWORD variable to "Exit",
#+ this script can be used while on-line
#+ to check for an unexpected logoff.
# Exercise: Change the script, per the above note,
# and prettify it.
exit 0
# Nick Drage suggests an alternate method:
while true
do ifconfig ppp0 | grep UP 1> /dev/null && echo "connected" && exit 0
echo -n "." # Prints dots (.....) until connected.
sleep 2
done
# Problem: Hitting Control-C to terminate this process may be insufficient.
#+ (Dots may keep on echoing.)
# Exercise: Fix this.
# Stephane Chazelas has yet another alternative:
CHECK_INTERVAL=1
while ! tail -n 1 "$LOGFILE" | grep -q "$KEYWORD"
do echo -n .
sleep $CHECK_INTERVAL
done
echo "On-line"
# Exercise: Discuss the relative strengths and weaknesses
# of each of these various approaches.
Example 32-7. A Simple Implementation of a Progress Bar
#! /bin/bash
# progress-bar2.sh
# Author: Graham Ewart (with reformatting by ABS Guide author).
# Used in ABS Guide with permission (thanks!).
# Invoke this script with bash. It doesn't work with sh.
interval=1
long_interval=10
{
trap "exit" SIGUSR1
sleep $interval; sleep $interval
while true
do
echo -n '.' # Use dots.
sleep $interval
done; } & # Start a progress bar as a background process.
pid=$!
trap "echo !; kill -USR1 $pid; wait $pid" EXIT # To handle ^C.
echo -n 'Long-running process '
sleep $long_interval
echo ' Finished!'
kill -USR1 $pid
wait $pid # Stop the progress bar.
trap EXIT
exit $?
Note The DEBUG argument to trap causes a specified action to execute after every command in a script. This permits tracing variables, for example.
Example 32-8. Tracing a variable
#!/bin/bash
trap 'echo "VARIABLE-TRACE> \$variable = \"$variable\""' DEBUG
# Echoes the value of $variable after every command.
variable=29; line=$LINENO
echo " Just initialized \$variable to $variable in line number $line."
let "variable *= 3"; line=$LINENO
echo " Just multiplied \$variable by 3 in line number $line."
exit 0
# The "trap 'command1 . . . command2 . . .' DEBUG" construct is
#+ more appropriate in the context of a complex script,
#+ where inserting multiple "echo $variable" statements might be
#+ awkward and time-consuming.
# Thanks, Stephane Chazelas for the pointer.
Output of script:
VARIABLE-TRACE> $variable = "" VARIABLE-TRACE> $variable = "29" Just initialized $variable to 29. VARIABLE-TRACE> $variable = "29" VARIABLE-TRACE> $variable = "87" Just multiplied $variable by 3. VARIABLE-TRACE> $variable = "87" Of course, the trap command has other uses aside from debugging, such as disabling certain keystrokes within a script (see Example A-43).
Example 32-9. Running multiple processes (on an SMP box)
#!/bin/bash
# parent.sh
# Running multiple processes on an SMP box.
# Author: Tedman Eng
# This is the first of two scripts,
#+ both of which must be present in the current working directory.
LIMIT=$1 # Total number of process to start
NUMPROC=4 # Number of concurrent threads (forks?)
PROCID=1 # Starting Process ID
echo "My PID is $$"
function start_thread() {
if [ $PROCID -le $LIMIT ] ; then
./child.sh $PROCID&
let "PROCID++"
else
echo "Limit reached."
wait
exit
fi
}
while [ "$NUMPROC" -gt 0 ]; do
start_thread;
let "NUMPROC--"
done
while true
do
trap "start_thread" SIGRTMIN
done
exit 0
# ======== Second script follows ========
#!/bin/bash
# child.sh
# Running multiple processes on an SMP box.
# This script is called by parent.sh.
# Author: Tedman Eng
temp=$RANDOM
index=$1
shift
let "temp %= 5"
let "temp += 4"
echo "Starting $index Time:$temp" "$@"
sleep ${temp}
echo "Ending $index"
kill -s SIGRTMIN $PPID
exit 0
# ======================= SCRIPT AUTHOR'S NOTES ======================= #
# It's not completely bug free.
# I ran it with limit = 500 and after the first few hundred iterations,
#+ one of the concurrent threads disappeared!
# Not sure if this is collisions from trap signals or something else.
# Once the trap is received, there's a brief moment while executing the
#+ trap handler but before the next trap is set. During this time, it may
#+ be possible to miss a trap signal, thus miss spawning a child process.
# No doubt someone may spot the bug and will be writing
#+ . . . in the future.
# ===================================================================== #
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------#
#################################################################
# The following is the original script written by Vernia Damiano.
# Unfortunately, it doesn't work properly.
#################################################################
#!/bin/bash
# Must call script with at least one integer parameter
#+ (number of concurrent processes).
# All other parameters are passed through to the processes started.
INDICE=8 # Total number of process to start
TEMPO=5 # Maximum sleep time per process
E_BADARGS=65 # No arg(s) passed to script.
if [ $# -eq 0 ] # Check for at least one argument passed to script.
then
echo "Usage: `basename $0` number_of_processes [passed params]"
exit $E_BADARGS
fi
NUMPROC=$1 # Number of concurrent process
shift
PARAMETRI=( "$@" ) # Parameters of each process
function avvia() {
local temp
local index
temp=$RANDOM
index=$1
shift
let "temp %= $TEMPO"
let "temp += 1"
echo "Starting $index Time:$temp" "$@"
sleep ${temp}
echo "Ending $index"
kill -s SIGRTMIN $$
}
function parti() {
if [ $INDICE -gt 0 ] ; then
avvia $INDICE "${PARAMETRI[@]}" &
let "INDICE--"
else
trap : SIGRTMIN
fi
}
trap parti SIGRTMIN
while [ "$NUMPROC" -gt 0 ]; do
parti;
let "NUMPROC--"
done
wait
trap - SIGRTMIN
exit $?
: <<SCRIPT_AUTHOR_COMMENTS
I had the need to run a program, with specified options, on a number of
different files, using a SMP machine. So I thought [I'd] keep running
a specified number of processes and start a new one each time . . . one
of these terminates.
The "wait" instruction does not help, since it waits for a given process
or *all* process started in background. So I wrote [this] bash script
that can do the job, using the "trap" instruction.
--Vernia Damiano
SCRIPT_AUTHOR_COMMENTS
Note trap '' SIGNAL (two adjacent apostrophes) disables SIGNAL for the remainder of the script. trap SIGNAL restores the functioning of SIGNAL once more. This is useful to protect a critical portion of a script from an undesirable interrupt.
trap '' 2 # Signal 2 is Control-C, now disabled.
command
command
command
trap 2 # Reenables Control-C
